The Truth about Cholesterol and Heart Disease - Dr Anthony Chaffee MD

Hey guys, Dr. Anthony Chaffy here. Just wanted to do a quick u video on cholesterol and just cover basically everything you need to know uh I think in the cholesterol debate. I was recently in uh another debate on the the topic of cholesterol with acne as well, the Australian College of Nutritional and Environmental Medicine uh with uh two extraordinarily famous uh cardiologists on my team going against uh three other very well-renowned and um uh very well-versed cardiologists and professors of medicine. So, um, I just wanted to go over my arguments. Um, and I'll leave, you know, everyone else to to discuss their own, uh, arguments, but we only had seven minutes, of course, like last time, so I wanted to sort of flesh out a little bit of that as well. Um, but just for people that didn't see the debate, I'm just going to go through u my side of the argument on that. Okay. Um, so the debate was, you know, cholesterol, you know, have we got it wrong? Should we rethink uh our approach to it? And I think the answer to that is is a resounding yes. Okay. So, you know, we can argue about, you know, which studies we trust more and and which ones have more or less to merit, you know, as as we did in the debate and we do all the time as as as doctors and as layman. U but I think it comes down to the simple fact that the original studies that showed a correlation but never causation between cholesterol and heart disease and the 1977 USDA recommendations to eat less c uh um fat and cholesterol uh were not only false but fraudulent. Okay, these were bought and paid for by the sugar industry through the something called the sugar research foundation that's now called the sugar association. Okay, so you know that that's not that's not up for debate. you know that that's a matter of record. Okay, this is this is a an actual historical event that happened that we have clear documentation of. So cholesterol was never a problem. Okay, it was never a marker of disease. It was never a cause of heart disease. Okay, that's really end of story in my book because this was all predicated on false information. Okay, so heart disease is an inflammatory process driven by among other things hypoglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistant, peripheral insulin resistance, glycosillation and oxidation of SDLDL um and and other LDL products by carbohydrates and sugar fructose in particular. This was shown by Dr. Robert Lustig of UCSF who anyone's watched my my videos on sugar and so forth, I'm a big fan of his. He's done extremely good work on on this subject and others. So he and the biochemistry department at UC San Francisco um you know published clear information about how fructose works in the body and how this causes disease. Okay, he has multiple publications since 2009 when that originally came out. [sighs] So all the arguments against cholesterol are predicated on this false premise that there was a correlation between uh cholesterol and heart disease which which there never was. Okay? And so like anything based on a false premise, you have to throw it out and start it again. Okay. [sighs] Okay. So how do we know all this? Okay. Well, first of all, there is no highle evidence showing even a correlation between cholesterol and heart disease. Okay. There's never any highle evidence. Okay. Um, more than that, uh, the Journal of American Medical Association published a report in 2015 from the UCSF showing internal documentation from the Sugar Research Foundation talking about how there was evidence and ton of evidence in the literature going back to the 40s and 50s suggesting that sugar caused heart disease. And in their own words, in their own documentation detailing how they paid off three Harvard professors to falsify data and publish fraudulent studies to make it appear as if cholesterol was causing heart disease or is at least correlated with heart disease and exonerating sugar even though sugar was the problem. They call this an empty calorie. Okay. So that's where that phrase comes from. Okay. Um it was one of the one of these professors, Professor Mark, who uh was made head of the USDA after this and he helped shape and author the 1977 USDA dietary recommended recommendations to significantly reduce saturated fats and cholesterol because it caused heart disease. Okay, this changed the world. All right, so in America, we actually listen, you know, people say, you know, [snorts] oh, people just don't listen to doctors. They just eat too much fat. No, the problem is that they did listen to doctors and they stopped eating fat and they started eating more fruits and vegetables and sugar and grains and so forth because they're just empty calories, right? No, they actually cause significant amount of harm. You know, I mean, cocaine doesn't have any calories at all, you know? Just that's just a freebie. Just do as much as you want. You know, obviously that's not the case. You know, there there are things besides calories that affect your body. Okay. So just in America after the 1977 proclamation that cholesterol caused heart disease and we should stop eating that and saturated fat the American population hundreds of millions of people reduced our fat and cholest cholesterol intake by 30% and reduce red meat by 33% because of course red meat has a lot of fat and cholesterol so of course that's the worst right well actually it's the best and we increased our fruits and vegetables by 30 and 40% respectively increased grains and sugars as well and what happened what were the results of Okay. Well, first of all, heart disease rates tripled. Okay. And all countries that followed these dietary practices found the same results. And also obesity and heart disease, diet, you know, diabetes, stroke, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, autism, all these things all increased exponentially, you know, um as well as um autoimmune diseases. Okay. So, all these things all increased at the exact same time. But, you know, important to this this topic, heart disease rates tripled. Okay. So you can't say that cholesterol causes heart disease if you reduce cholesterol and heart disease rates increase. If anything, you say that's protective. And in fact, that's what we're actually seeing in the literature. Okay. So another uh piece of of of fraud and and misrepresentation was the was of the Framingham study which is a large 30-year 20 30-year um uh study that it's one of the cardinal studies in in cardiology. Okay. So these results actually were misrepresented by the American Heart Association which is which is pretty incredible. Okay. So the original Framingham study actually found that if you dropped your total cholesterol by 1 milligram uh per deciliter, you actually increase your coronary mortality and total mortality by 11%. Okay, so as your cholesterol went down, your mortality rate went up and heart disease um deaths went up. Okay, that's that's significant. Okay. But the American Heart Association two years later fraudulently claimed that the Framingham study found that a 1% drop in total cholesterol equated to a 2% drop in uh coronary heart disease risk. Okay, that that's academic malpractice. All right, that's fraud. Okay, [snorts] another very famous uh researcher was Anel Keys. This guy is the guy who came up with the recommended daily allowances. And so he was he was quite well known. He did and uh he did something called the seven nation study where they found seven nations and you know as you uh increase the amount of cholesterol that they that they had in the population you also saw this parabolic increase of heart disease as well. So there's a oh look at that that's conclusive. Well no that's that's a correlation that's not a causation. And the problem with this is that he had data full data for 23 countries not just the seven that he used. And if you plotted all 23 of those, there isn't even a correlation. It's scattered all over the map. So there isn't even a correlation. They've known this for 60 years now. There's no correlation between increased heart uh increased cholesterol and heart disease. Okay? And it turns out that he was actually a paid shill by the sugar industry as well. He was bought and paid for. This is this is a matter of record. Okay? This there's there's clear documentation of this. You know, this goes on and on. I mean, there's obviously industrial research that goes on and these companies have a vested interest in and in in protecting their product and so forth. And sometimes these things are legitimate, you know, when they're when they're being uh, you know, falsely vilified. But at the same time, you know, Coca-Cola is going around paying for research to uh for people that that say that sugary drinks don't cause weight gain. So, you know, I mean, they you have to look at where the money's coming from. And the problem with these things is that they never disclosed where the money was coming from. So again, that's another piece of fraud because these professors and academics are supposed to, you know, are required to uh say where they're getting funding from uh from and if they have any uh financial interests and so forth. These guys are being paid. They need to disclose that. Okay, that's fraud to not disclose that. Okay. So, you know, more recently you we have had studies with 140,000 patients uh that had heart attacks in the US and showed that half of them had low LDL cholesterol. Okay. So, if cholesterol is just the direct cause of heart disease, why is it that half the people that have heart attacks have low cholesterol and half have high cholesterol? Again, that's not even a correlation. Okay? There's not even like 6040. Oh, there's a slight increase. No, no, no. It's dead even. Okay. It it it just not connected. Okay. There's another study that had the same sort of findings with with with, you know, over 100,000 people found again 50/50 split in high and low cholesterol. And these guys still said, "Gh, but you need to get your cholesterol lower." And so at 3 years followup, the study showed that those who had still had low cholesterol had two times the death rate of those who had higher cholesterol or high cholesterol, the bad cholesterol. Okay, so again, this is making it look like cholesterol is actually protective and it's actually good for you. And in fact, it is. Okay, this is a vital um uh component in your body. Okay, so again, there isn't even a correlation. there was never a correlation and in fact there's an inverse relationship between heart disease uh and and total mortality infection rates cancer rates and uh LDL cholesterol okay so you know as Richard Thman the physicist said if you know it doesn't matter how brilliant your theory is and it doesn't matter how smart you are if it doesn't agree with the experiment it's wrong okay so we did this experiment we played this game with hundreds of millions of people in America and now billions of people around the world and it's wrong Okay, heart disease rates go up if you drop cholesterol. Okay, so got to start from scratch. So, starting from scratch, what really causes heart disease? Well, it's complex. There's a lot going on here, but it's a an inflammatory disease process uh that is in part caused by sugar molecules binding to proteins on LDL cholesterol and and SDLDL. This is small dense lipoproteins. Okay, these are these are different characters. They respond differently in your body. Okay. And these are actually metabolites of fructose and alcohol. Okay. So if you're not eating sugar, you're not drinking alcohol, you're in much better shape anyway. Okay. So when sugar binds these things is called glycosillation or glycation. So the the glucose molecules physically fuse and and make these things act uh improperly or not work at all. And fructose actually has a much higher glycation rate. Okay. So again, fructose is is a nasty actor uh in this whole process. Okay. So when they bind to this, they knock out the receptors um that that uh that allow your liver to take them in. Okay, that's the apple B 100 receptor. Okay. Um when this gets knocked out and there's only one, so you lose that. That's it. The only thing that can take it up are your macrofasages, the scavenger receptors on your macrofasages. and they just keep sucking these things up because they have an unlimited supply to unlimited capacity to take these things up and they form these giant foam cells. Okay, there's more than that. You need uh you know you know damage to your arterial walls and then these actually you know will will invaginate into that uh defect. Okay. Um and then form an atheroscllerotic plaque. Okay. So, if you don't have damage to the to the tissue, you don't have damage to the interior lining of the of the vessel, you know, it you know, it doesn't really matter what else is going on because it's not going to be able to get get in there and cause a plaque. Okay? So, again, this is part of a larger disease process. Okay? But again, this is a large disease process. It's not simply as cholesterol in, heart disease out. Okay? And that's and that's the point. So, high blood sugar will increase this reaction. Okay? And fructose does this even more as I said. So uh you know this is why you know diabetics have a much higher rate of heart disease. Okay because their their blood sugar is always really high. They have peripheral insulin resistance which which all plays into this. Okay. [snorts] So um cholesterol is involved obviously but you know sugar is actual sugar and carbohydrates are the actual driving factor here in this inflammatory process. And it's only certain types of cholesterol. Again it's really the small dense lipoproteins uh that are really causing a problem. And these again are metabolites of uh fructose and alcohol. Okay, because as I mentioned in other things as lustig shows, fructose is metabolized into the same byproducts as alcohol is. Okay, so you get the same disease processes as you do from the breakdown of alcohol as well. So polyunsaturated fats, okay, these are also a problem um because you know we we use these to replace saturated fats. They say you know uh PUFAs are are much better than saturated fats. You should eat these sorts of things. Okay? Because they don't they don't increase your cholesterol. But there are studies that show that when substituting, you know, polyunsaturated fats like linoleic acid um uh for saturated fats, yes, your cholesterol goes down, but your heart disease and heart attacks go up. Okay? So, these things contain high amounts of omega-6 fatty acids. Okay? So, all plant oils that are completely unnatural. Okay? These aren't these aren't things that like we would have found in nature. These are things that have to be manufactured, right? Um, they have massive amounts of omega sixs as compared to omega-3s. And that's very important. The ratio between your omega 6 and omega-3s, you know, plays a plays a vital role in your body. You need both, but you need omega-3s better more. And so omega sixes actually um use up the same enzymes that uh metabolize omega-3s. And so you'll actually block out your omega-3s. If you have more omega sixs, you'll actually end up using less and less omega-3s. and you'll have significant health issues from that. Okay? And so actually find that if you have omega-3s that are too low, your your risk of heart disease and heart um and cardiac related deaths go way up. Okay? And omega sixes, they are very pro-inflammatory. They cause a lot of inflammation as well, and they block out the omega-3. So they're causing inflammation and they're stopping a healthy natural process from happening as well in in excess. Okay. Um, you know, as I mentioned before, cholesterol is actually good for you. Okay. There was a 68,000 person study um by um Ramsden and everyone um at Hall uh published in the BMJ that found that people over 60, the higher the LDL cholesterol, the better. They lived longer. Okay, so this was protective. Okay. It also found that people with higher LDL cholesterol, the bad cholesterol, lower rates of infection, lower rates of cancer. Okay. So, there's probably a lot going on here. It's probably not just, you know, just the cholesterol involving this, but what are we doing to get low cholesterol? We're getting a lot of pro-inflammatory polyunsaturated fats, you know, lowfat, heart-healthy diet, and we're doing a lot of other things that are really bad for our system. Eat a bunch of carbs and sugar and all that sort of uh crap. and that's bad for you. Okay, but there is that correlation. Okay, but you know correlation is not causation. However, we're not seeing it the other way around. We're not seeing that higher cholesterol equals bad things happening. We're seeing higher cholesterol equals good things happening. Okay, low cholesterol is also associated with depression. This is something that I've I've spoken about before, but there are publications and psychiatric journals and so forth showing that you have higher rates of depression in people with lower levels of LDL cholesterol. Okay? and more uh frightening than that. So people that have low LDL cholesterol and depression have a much higher rate of suicide. Okay. So even psychiatrists and psychologists are now encouraging their patients to raise their LDL cholesterol. Okay. This is this is really this has to turn around guys. This is something that we really have to get more in the in the public sphere of understanding that we got this one very wrong. Okay. Cholesterol is is is also a vital precursor to so many things in your body. Vitamin D for for one, but also you know five hormone groups, your progesterrogens, your gluccocorticoids, your minerals, your androgens, your estrogens. These are vital for your health. You screw with these and you are in trouble and you will not enjoy your life. Okay. So, uh cholesterol makes these sorts of things. You know, people say it's like, "Oh, well, we make cholesterol, so this this is a non-essential nutrient." Well, we do make it, but we only make about 70% of what we need. Okay? So, yeah, you actually do need some of this in your body. You also make bile salts and all these sorts of things. You you need cholesterol. Cholesterol is is makes up the membrane of every single cell in your body. I learned that in 8th grade. I remember seeing this. It's like all these cholesterol molecules just m are the membrane of your cells. I was I remember thinking like but you know how how can cholesterol be bad for you if we literally are made of cholesterol. Okay, now you know there are ways I'm sure but uh it didn't really make sense at the time. Okay, so you know what about studies? Okay, so there are a ton of studies all the big studies post 2015 have basically shown no correlation or an inverse correlation between LDL cholesterol uh and um and heart disease. Okay, there was a dalza at all uh in 2015 the BMJ did a large metaanalysis found that saturated fats had no association with all cause mortality CBD, CHD, es schemic stroke or type 2 diabetes. Okay, no correlation. Um I mentioned Ramston at all 2016 the BMJ he found that there was no benefit to the intervention group treating high cholesterol and found that it you in he had a 22% increased risk of death for every 0.78 millles per liter reduction in serum cholesterol. So as you reduce cholesterol risk of death goes up. Okay. It should be the other way around if cholesterol were that bad for you. Okay. Ham uh Hamley in 2017 published in the nutrition journal again in meta analysis. You know, we have these tiers of studies. Uh metaanalysis are at the very top of that. Okay. They're they're some of the most uh when well done, they're some of the best evidence. Okay? And so they look at multiple studies and correlate all the data that all these different studies look at. Okay? So you're getting a much bigger uh population sample. Okay? Um they found that replacing saturated fats with polyunsaturated fats doesn't reduce um coronary heart disease events uh cardio um coronary heart disease mortality or total mortality. Okay. Um and they concluded that uh previous meta analysis showing the benefits of uh of of switching these two did so by including inadequately controlled trials. Okay. So they used poor evidence to come to a biased conclusion. Okay, there's a something called the Women's Health Initiative. This was a large stud, probably one of the largest studies that's ever been done. It was certainly the most expensive. It was something like 700 million. It's insane. [snorts] Um, it was hundreds and hundreds of pages long. I mean, you know, several hundred pages long. um nothing that they talked about in their results table came to stata stat statistical significance meaning that there were other variables and factors and so you say like okay well this shows a correlation but you can't really trust it okay if something's not statistically significant you basically can't use it okay except one thing that they didn't report in their uh results funny enough they seem to let this out left this out page 600 and something. Um, they did note that for women who had a history of coronary heart disease, if they randomized those women into the control group for a low-fat diet that they had an increase in cardiac events by 26%. Okay? So, so women that had that previously had heart issues, if they then went on a low-fat diet, they had more cardiac events, 26% more. Okay? And that was statistically significant. That was the only finding out of the $700 million study that was statistically significant and just happened to be left out of the results. Convenient. Okay. [snorts] So there was a uh Meline Lopez Christensen published in the BMJ British Medical Journal um the effects of statins on average survival and they found that you know people on long-term statins this is the the drug to reduce cholesterol found that pe for people who had previous uh heart issues that this increased their uh life expectancy by 5 days. Not five years, not five weeks, not five months, five days. Okay, this is taking statins long term. Okay, and this is these are expensive and they have side effects. Okay, so you get an extra five days and you have to deal with all the side effects and consequences of taking this medication. Okay, so and people had no uh heart issues previously, they found a benefit of three days. Okay, so um what what are we doing here? How how beneficial is this? Is it worth the side effects and the costs? I don't I don't think so. Anyway, um and also if cholesterol was really the issue, if it was just cholesterol in, heart disease out, why why wouldn't that be more significant? If you're if you're reducing cholesterol, you're reducing LDL cholesterol with these medications and cholesterol is the problem, you should find much more benefit than that. But you don't, right? It's 5 days, three days. Okay? [snorts] So again in uh you know journal of American medical association then subsequently published in the New England Journal of Medicine both you know top top publications in the world found that increased omega-3s uh was uh associated with reduced cardiac death reduced cardiac arrest rate at 10 times the rate. Okay. So if you have higher omega-3s, you are 10 times less likely to have cardiac advanced cardiac arrest, cardiac death. Okay, that is significant. Okay, and this shows you know alternate uh factors in cardiovascular disease. Okay. So, um you know, and when you change to, you know, a low cholesterol diet, low saturated fat diet, you know, plant and seed oils and so forth, you increase the omega sixes, you reduce the omega-3s. And so, you're actually going the other way. So, now maybe you were in that 10 times less category. And then you increase your omega sixes and drop your omega-3s. Now you're in the 10 times more likely to get a cardiac event and and arrest and die. Okay? [snorts] So that's not what you want either. Okay? And again, you know, there was that that study I mentioned previously that that found exactly that when you replace saturated fats with lin linoleic acid, you actually reduce cholesterol, but you increase death. Okay? Not good. Cardiac death specifically. [snorts] Okay. So, Astrop uh at all in 2020 just recently in the in the journal of American College of Cardiology published [snorts] a large metaanalysis showing that saturated fats were not a cardiovascular disease risk and actually were found to be protective against stroke. Okay, so again protective and not even correlated with heart disease. Okay. Um so you know again um this is this they concluded that you don't need to limit your cholesterol, you don't need to limit your saturated fat and so forth that this actually wasn't a problem and and probably is is providing benefit. In fact, according to their study is providing benefit. [snorts] Okay, statins. There was a large study done in 2015 uh with 60,000 people over the age of 65 uh and they found that the people taking statins uh either had no benefit at all or actually did slightly worse. Okay, as far as cardiovascular events and and uh and so forth. Okay, so 60,000 people above the age of 65 and this is this is the most common age group to be on statins because you know everyone as they grow older they have you know some heart issues they need to be on you know medications and so forth to drop their cholesterol and because they're at a higher risk of of cardiac events. Okay, but they're finding that it provides either no benefit or actually detriment. And when you're talking about the side effects of statins because they they they rob your cells of vitamin CoQ10 which is vitally important uh for you know uh energy uh metabolism and so forth in your cell you you actually can can cause direct damage to your body to your cells is why people get muscle aches and cramps and sores and and they're and they hurt you know it's like you know they start doing things they get these really weird aches like they've been working out and that's because they kind of have they haven't been able to respirate properly and so they're going over to an anabolic olic uh respiration. This happens in your heart too. This can damage your heart muscle as well. So, we're giving a medication to ostensibly help your heart and it's actually hurting your heart. Okay. So, what are we doing? And it doesn't necessarily provide benefit. Okay. Okay. you know, when you when you're doing a riskbenefit analysis, you know, and you're having something, well, this causes harm, this can cause harm, uh, and has side effects anyway, you you the benefits need to far outweigh those potential side effects and so forth, okay? And it doesn't appear from the data that that it does for statins, okay? And uh, you know, and like everything else, you know, this isn't, you know, direct medical advice. This is just general advice, okay? I'm not telling anyone, you know, what how it to change your prescriptions or anything like that. I'm just letting you know uh what the studies are show showing. Okay. Um Ravenskoff at all again uh in the BMJ he did a large literature review covering 68,000 people um found an inverse association with all cause uh mortality and LDL cholesterol um or no association. So no association or an inverse association. Okay. And then you know also the same thing inverse association or no association with cardiovascular mortality and LDL cholesterol. Okay. And they found and concluded yeah that um higher LDL cholesterol equated to longer lifespan in the elderly. Okay. And so why are we giving them statins to reduce their cholesterol when we have large studies with 70,000 people showing that in the elderly populations more cholesterol is good. Okay, your body's made out of cholesterol, your brain's made out of cholesterol, your hormones are made out of cholesterol, vitamin D is made out of cholesterol. These are all very important things and cholesterol is is part of that. Okay. So, uh, uh, Ravenco at all also did another literature review and critique of three papers that argued for the cholesterol hypothesis. And [snorts] he concluded that the cholesterol hypothesis is unable to satisfy the Bradford Hill criteria for causation. And it is um it's all correlation. It's nothing co causitive that they can they can show. Um and the conclusions of these three authors uh you know were when reviewed were based on misleading statistics, exclusion of unsuccessful trials and ignoring numerous contradictory observations. Right? So this is cherry-picking and fraud. Okay? And that's that's generally what you see in the whole cholesterol hypothesis is that that's what a lot of these studies are. They're they're fraud. Okay? They're bad studies. So he found again that there's no association with total cholesterol and degree of atherosclerosis. Okay. And no exposure response relationship between total cholesterol and atherosclerosis. Okay. And total cholesterol um and the total cholesterol causing cardiovascular disease was based on fraud. And he goes into the talking about the Framingham study and so forth and and the the misrepresentation of that as well. Um so so you know in conclusion uh I think yes we need to reconsider cholesterol right um cholesterol was never the problem. Okay this was this was a false flag. They just threw this up there to try to throw the heat off of sugar. Okay so this should never have even been considered an issue in the first place. Okay. Um we have real world evidence uh with hundreds of millions of people billions of people around the world showing this. you reduce cholesterol, heart disease goes up. Okay, and we have many, many studies with tens of thousands, hundreds of thousands of people showing this as well. Okay, cholesterol is also vitally important. We make it, we don't make as much as we need. We need to get some from our diet as well. Okay, as I discussed hormonally and so forth, this is what our body's made of. This is how our body uh works properly. Okay. So I think it is time uh to change our approach uh and start to encourage saturated fat and cholesterol and to discourage sugar and carbohydrates which are part again of this disease process this inflammatory process. Obviously smoking and different sorts of chemical substances and drugs and so forth can also uh contribute to this. But sugar and carbohydrates drive this um uh to a large degree. And I think that the evidence suggests that the large spike in heart disease rates over the past uh century certainly but significant but really in the last 40 years uh comes directly from our increased consumption of sugar and carbohydrates. We were smoking probably more than that than we do now. Historically we didn't have the heart disease rates that we do now. Okay. Okay. So, I think that the cholesterol and the sugar are are really uh the main culprits here because we increased these dramatically and actually you know cholesterol went down, smoking went down and so forth. Heart disease rates tripled. Okay. All right guys, I hope you like that and I hope that uh that was uh clear to everyone. Any questions about that? Um let me know. This is this is a topic that I think just comes up all the time. Everyone asks me what's your cholesterol? What's your cholesterol? What's your cholesterol? And what I tell them is my cholesterol is phys physiological. It's what it's supposed to be because I'm eating what I'm supposed to be eating. I'm eating for a physiological uh diet for my species, a species appropriate species specific diet. And so whatever my cholesterol is, it's it's supposed to be there. And again, cholesterol was never the problem. Okay? So it is not a problem uh for for me. I don't eat carbohydrates. I don't eat sugar. I don't drink alcohol. Maybe once a year, once every two years, something like that. certainly not enough to to kick off heart disease. Okay. So, I'm not worried about my cholesterol. I'm actually, you know, happy with whatever it h wants to be. Okay. All right, guys. Thanks again. Just leave your comments and let me know what you think and uh what to make better in the future. Thanks a lot. Hey guys, thank you very much for taking the time out to listen to what I had to say. If you like it, then please like and subscribe to my YouTube channel and podcast. And if you're on YouTube, then please hit that little bell and subscribe, and that'll let you know anytime I have a new video out, which should be every week, if not more. And if you could share this with your friends, that would help me get the word out and let me know that you like what I'm doing. Thanks again, guys.